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MULTIFACETED IMPACT OFBRITISH RULE: PUNJAB SOCIETY

    1 Author(s):  DR. VIKRAM SINGH

Vol -  7, Issue- 6 ,         Page(s) : 58 - 66  (2016 ) DOI : https://doi.org/10.32804/CASIRJ

Abstract

The present article ‘Punjab Society and Impact of British rule’ vividly traces the dominating impact of the English on the society in the Punjab as Punjab had a complex society consisting of the Hindus, the Muslims and the Sikhs but numerically dominated by the Muslims, although the balance was maintained by the Hindus and the Sikhs if taken together. The percentage of each community varied from one region to another. Muslims dominated in seventeen districts, i.e.Lahore, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang,

  1.  Chailey, Joseph, Administrative Problems of British India, (1909, reprint FAB New Delhi, 1979 p.77. 
  2.   Martin, Gilbert: Servant of India (Dunlop Smith diary) 10-9-1906, p.56.
  3.   Confidential Circular by John Lawrence, 225 KW, Pb.File Oct 9, 1858 cited by Ikram Ali Malik, History the Punjab 1895-1947, (Delhi, 1970), p.242. 
  4.  Ikram Ali, Ibid.
  5.   Hunter, The Indian Mussalmans, p.40. 
  6.  Thorburn,S.S., Mussalmans and Money-Lenders and The Punjab in Peace and War forcefully advocate this view.
  7.   Edward Churchill; ‘Printed Literature of Punjabi Muslims, 1860-1900 in Sources of Punjab History, op. cit.
  8.   Desai, A.R., Social Background of the Indian Nationalism, (Bombay, 1959).
  9.   Jim Masselos, Nationalism on the Indian Subcontinent, (Melbourne, 1972), p.83.
  10.   Joshi, Indu; Nationalist Politics in the Punjab 1919-22Unpublished Thesis, 1981, H. P. University Simla, p.13. 
  11.  Khushwant Singh; A History of the Sikhs; Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1977, Vol. II, p. 14
  12.   N.G. Barrier;The Sikhs & Their Literature- 1839-1919, (Delhi, 1970).
  13.   Malik, IkramAli,The History of the Punjab: 1799-1947, Delhi 1970, p. 229, also see Yadav, K.C., Partition of India: A Study of the Muslim Politics in the Punjab, in The Punjab Past and Present, Apri1, 1983, p. 109.
  14.   Joshi, Indu; Nationalist Politics in the Punjab 1919-22 (Unpublished thesis, 1981), H.P. University, Simla.
  15.   Talbot, I.A.; The Growth of the Muslim League in the Punjab, 1937-46, Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative-Politics, Vol. XX, London, 1982, Page 12.
  16.  Khushwant Singh, History of the Sikh, op. cit., p. 115. 
  17.  GulshanRai,The Hindu Problem in the Punjab, Lahore, 1934, p. 38. 
  18.   Ibid. 
  19.   O’ Dwyer, M.,India I Knew it, 1825-1925, London, 1925.
  20.  Talbot, I.A.; The Growth of the Muslim League in the Punjab, 1937-46, Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative-Politics, Vol. XX, London, 1982,  Page 76.
  21.   Land revenue in Rawalpindi district was increased by 25%. 
  22.   In November 1906 the Government enhanced the rates for water from the Bari Doab Canal and this affected the landowners in the district of Amritsar, Gurdaspar and Lahore. They greatly resented this increase. 
  23.   The Chenan colony was mostly inhabited by the peasants and military personnel of the central districts of Punjab. They had secured the land either free or on very nominal rates. The new colonies were carefully planned and controlled by local officials. The Punjab Land Colonization Bill (1906) aimed at strengthening the “irksome system of regulations”; it was also proposed to introduce inheritance by primogeniture in order to check the process of subdivision of land holdings. As it touched off widespread discontent in rural areas, the Viceroy, Lord Minto, vetoed the Bill in May 1907.
  24.   For details see,Pardaman Singh and J.S. Dhanki (ed). Buried Alive - Autobiography Speeches and Writings of An Indian Revolutionary, SardarAjit Singh, Delhi, 1984, pp.33-40. 
  25.   Chopra, G.L., Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab, Vol. 2 (Lahore, 1940), Page 377.
  26.   Talbot, I.A., Deserted Collaborators: The Political Background to the Rise and Fall of the Punjab Unionist Party, 1923-47, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth-History, Vol. II, (London, 1982-83), Page 75.
  27.  Hazleburst, L.,‘Ceremony and Social Structure in 19th Century Punjab’ in ‘Economic and  Political Weekly’ Vol. X1, No. 35, August 28, 1976.

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