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BONDED LABOUR IN INDIA

    1 Author(s):  MUKESH DESHWAL

Vol -  4, Issue- 3 ,         Page(s) : 307 - 335  (2013 ) DOI : https://doi.org/10.32804/CASIRJ

Abstract

The main feature of the system of bonded labour is that the debtor pledges his person or that of a member of his family for a loan and is released only on the repayment of the debt. According to the Oxford definition of English Language bonded means – ‘thing restraining bodily freedom’. Further, in the report of Commissioner of Schedules Castes and Scheduled Tribes the bonded labor system has been defined as-

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  1.   William Little, The Shorter Oxford Dictionary,1 (Oxford University Press, New York,1973)215.
  2.   Government of India report of the Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes,1995-97. Twenty first report at page 216.
  3.    J. Breman: Patronage and Exploitation, 9 (1974).
  4.    R. Mukherjee: Land Problems of India, 225 (1933).
  5.    Report of the Committee on Untouchability, Economic and Educational Development of the Schedule Castes and Connected  Documents- 1969, 158 (1975). A fairly comprehensive list of names of bonded labour in different regions is given by Breman,   supra note 1 at 7. (Hereinafter referred to as the Elayaperuinal Committee)
  6.    Section 3, the Bihar and Orissa Agreements Act (Bihar and Orissa Act 5 of 1920).
  7.    Section 4 of the Madras Debt Bondage Regulation Act, 1940 laid down that if the following conditions are satisfied a labour  agreement becomes wholly void:
  8. (1) If the full terms of the agreement are not expressed in writing or if a copy of the agreement is not filed before the Agency Divisional Officer.
  9. (2) If the advance with interest thereon is not a fair and equitable remuneration.
  10. (3) If the period during which the labour is to be performed exceeds one year.
  11. (4) Where a provision is made for interest, if the interest provided is not simple interest at  a rate not exceeding six and one-fourth per cent per annum.
  12.     Section 9 of the Madras Debt Bondage Regulation Act, 1940, subsequently the Andhra Pradesh (Andhra Area) Agency Debt      Bondage Abolition Regulation, 1940.
  13.      Report of the Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, 1964-65, para 4.8.
  14.    Under Article 23. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour - Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from imposing compulsory service for public purposes, and in imposing such service the State shall not make any discrimination on grounds only on religion, race, caste or class or any of them.
  15.   Article 39.
  16.   Bandhua Mukti Morcha v.Union of India.
  17.   C.A.D., 809.
  18.    Section 5, the Rajasthan Sagri System Abolition Act, 1961
  19.    Report of the Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, 1963-64, para 10.21.
  20.    Id. At 10-18.
  21.    Id. At 10-21.
  22.    In this case the District Magistrate nominates the persons connected with rural development and an officer empowered under  section 10 to discharge the functions under the Act with reference to the district will also be a member.
  23.    Section 16, the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976.
  24.    Section  17, the Bonded Labour System (Abolition ) Act, 1976.
  25.    Section 18, the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976.
  26.    Section 22, the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976.
  27.    Padgaonkar: Bonded Labour in India’. The Times of India (Delhi), Dec. 10th 1976, p.6, col. 3,4 & 5.
  28.    K. Sharan ‘Law and Bonded Labour System’, National Laobur Institute Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 11, 31 (1975).
  29.    The Times of India (Delhi), dated 12th Nov. 1977
  30.    Bonded Labour in India, 14 (1976)
  31.    Id. At 64 et. Seq.
  32.    Report of the Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, 1963-64, paras 10 to 18.
  33.    Berman, supra noate 1 at 188, Dubla is a tribal caste  Supra, note 36 at paras 10 to 12.
  34.    Bonded Labour in India, 134-36.
  35.    Report of the Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, 1971-72 and 1972-73 (Twenty-first Report), 222.
  36.   In Bonded Freedom Author(s): Arvind Narayan Das Source: Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 11, No. 20 (May    15, 1976), pp. 724-726Published by: Economic and Political Weekly Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4364619 .Accessed: 25/10/2011 11:37
  37.   In Bonded FreedomAuthor(s): Arvind Narayan DasSource: Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 11, No. 20 (May    15, 1976), pp. 724-726Published by: Economic and Political WeeklyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4364619 .Accessed: 25/10/2011 11:37
  38.    The times of India (Delhi), 13th March, 1982 p.5 , cols. 4 &5
  39.   The Times of India (Delhi), 13th October, 1982, p.6, col.6,
  40.   P.U.D.R.v. Union of India AIR 1982 SC 1473.
  41.   AIR 1983 SC 1099.
  42.   AIR1984 SC1099.
  43.   AIR1984 SC 1099
  44.   AIR1988 SC1863.
  45.   T. Chakkallackai v. State of Bihar 1991(1) 106.
  46.   http://equalityindia.wordpress.com/2011/08/24/1441/
  47.   PTI Jan 20, 2011, 04.50pm IST http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/UP-tops-in-bonded-labour-cases-NHRC/851083/2
  48.   PTI Sep 24, 2011 at 0244 hrs IST http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/UP-tops-in-bonded-labour-cases-NHRC/851083/
  49.   http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/28/stories/2011062862690400.htm
  50. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-17/madurai/30289208_1_labourers-family-members-revenue-officials Oct 17, 2011, 05.36AM IST
  51.  Supra 28 at 1099.
  52.  Veer Singh “Capitalist Farm Sector and Migrant Labor in Punjab: A socio legal Study”, JILI Vol.26, 1986 p.92.

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